Salmonella bacteria can cause humans to have stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. The effect these bacteria have on humans indicates that Salmonella bacteria are

Answer Explanation

B) digestive system

- Correct: Gastric bypass surgery involves the reduction of the stomach's size, typically to hold only about 1 ounce of food instead of its normal capacity of 3 pints or more. This surgery drastically impacts the digestive system because it alters the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. By reducing the stomach's size, gastric bypass surgery restricts the amount of food that can be consumed at one time, leading to reduced calorie intake and aiding in weight loss. Additionally, the rearrangement of the digestive tract may affect the absorption of nutrients, potentially leading to changes in nutrient absorption and metabolism.

A) excretory system

- Incorrect: While changes in diet and weight loss resulting from gastric bypass surgery may indirectly affect the excretory system, the primary impact of this surgery is on the digestive system itself, not the excretory system.

C) circulatory system

- Incorrect: Although obesity and associated health conditions may impact the circulatory system, such as increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, the direct impact of gastric bypass surgery is on the digestive system, not the circulatory system.

D) respiratory system

- Incorrect: Gastric bypass surgery does not directly impact the respiratory system. While weight loss resulting from the surgery may improve respiratory function in individuals with obesity-related respiratory conditions such as sleep apnea, the surgery primarily affects the digestive system by altering the anatomy and function of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer Explanation

D) gallstones

- Correct: Gallstones would most directly interfere with the emulsification of fats. Emulsification of fats is primarily facilitated by bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Gallstones are hardened deposits that form in the gallbladder, often consisting of cholesterol or bilirubin. These stones can obstruct the flow of bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine, impairing the emulsification of fats and leading to difficulties in fat digestion and absorption. This obstruction can result in symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and indigestion.

A) bronchitis

- Incorrect: Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes in the lungs and does not directly interfere with the emulsification of fats in the digestive system.

B) gout

- Incorrect: Gout is a form of arthritis characterized by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, typically affecting the feet. It does not directly interfere with the emulsification of fats in the digestive system.

C) goiter

- Incorrect: Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck, often due to iodine deficiency or thyroid disorders. It does not directly interfere with the emulsification of fats in the digestive system.

Answer Explanation

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze specific biochemical reactions in living organisms.

The production of enzymes is regulated by gene expression, where specific genes are activated (expressed) to produce particular enzymes in different cells or tissues.

In this case, the gene responsible for coding the enzyme pepsin is expressed in the cells of the stomach, leading to the production of pepsin in the stomach.

Conversely, the gene for trypsin is expressed in the cells of the small intestine, resulting in the production of trypsin in the small intestine.

Therefore, the reason that the stomach and small intestine produce different enzymes is due to the differential gene expression in these respective tissues.